Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines free essay sample

INTRODUCTION In our generation today, homosexuals have been widely accepted by the majority may it be a gay or a lesbian. People have come to recognize the existence of the third sex and through time they have also accepted â€Å"same-sex relationships in our society. But controversies and arguments arise when homosexuals started proposing the idea of legalizing same-sex marriage. The issue on legalizing same-sex marriage has been going on for decades. It has received a lot of objection and opposition since it contradicts the accustomed meaning of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Though there have been few countries which have approved or have begun to legally formalizing marriage between same sex marriage like Canada, Italy and etc. Still the majority of countries do not recognize this kind of marriage. Same sex marriage is known as a marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is one of the most controversial yet sensitive topics that have been discuss around the world. Politicians are having debates on this subject trying to decide whether it should be legal for same sexes to be married. Same sex marriage is often viewed as being wrong by religious people because marriage is portrayed as a woman and man uniting not woman to woman or man to man. It has been widely understood that the Roman Catholic Church will always be against same sex marriages considering the fact that their beliefs and principles are based from the sacred scripture. However, citizens who do not opt to engage into religious ceremonies have the option to be conjugated by means of civil wedding Here in the Philippines, Political parties such as the Gabriela Womens Party list are actively lobbying and advocating for lesbian and gay rights and to insist that society not discriminate on the basis of sexual preference. Unlike in the Philippines there are few countries who are now supporting and allowing same sex marriage including Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and South Africa. The purpose of this study is to advocate the positive effects of legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines and to support gays and lesbian people Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines free essay sample In our generation today, homosexuals have been widely accepted by the majority may it be a gay or a lesbian. People have come to recognize the existence of the third sex and through time they have also accepted â€Å"same-sex relationships in our society. But controversies and arguments arise when homosexuals started proposing the idea of legalizing same-sex marriage. The issue on legalizing same-sex marriage has been going on for decades. It has received a lot of objection and opposition since it contradicts the accustomed meaning of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Though there have been few countries which have approved or have begun to legally formalizing marriage between same sex marriage like Canada, Italy and etc. Still the majority of countries do not recognize this kind of marriage. Same sex marriage is known as a marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is one of the most controversial yet sensitive topics that have been discuss around the world. Politicians are having debates on this subject trying to decide whether it should be legal for same sexes to be married. Same sex marriage is often viewed as being wrong by religious people because marriage is portrayed as a woman and man uniting not woman to woman or man to man. It has been widely understood that the Roman Catholic Church will always be against same sex marriages considering the fact that their beliefs and principles are based from the sacred scripture. However, citizens who do not opt to engage into religious ceremonies have the option to be conjugated by means of civil wedding Here in the Philippines, Political parties such as the Gabriela Womens Party list are actively lobbying and advocating for lesbian and gay rights and to insist that society not discriminate on the basis of sexual preference. Unlike in the Philippines there are few countries who are now supporting and allowing same sex marriage including Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and South Africa. The purpose of this study is to advocate the positive effects of legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines and to support gays and lesbian people

Easy Rider Formalistic Editing and Meaning essays

Easy Rider Formalistic Editing and Meaning essays Dennis Hopper injects many different cinematic styles; notably his use of editing and camera movement throughout the film resulting in the counter-culture flavored film Easy Rider. From the establishing shot of Wyatt tossing away his gold watch- literally tossing time away- to the cuts of him (Wyatt) and the Kid about to depart cross-country on their Harleys, he sets the theme of freedom in America and personal discovery. There is spacial continuity in several scenes such as the long shots when Wyatt is changing tires in the barn cut with the shots of the farmer changing the shoe on his horse, symbolizing the quest for freedom and a new frontier. Camera angles and lighting are used well to capture the feeling of freedom using telephoto lenses and dolly shots as seen in the bike/road scenes as they embark on their quest seeking a new frontier. The majority of the film editing is jarring and creative, ignoring the conventional 180 degree rule. The varying camera angles, quick cut s and zooms distort the scene in the graveyard to mimic an LSD trip. This scene symbolizes that using hard drugs will lead to death. Hoppers use of jump cuts, crossovers, and the quick cuts that are reflective of formalistic discontinuity editing are notably visible in the closing scenes that create anxiety and disorientation in the viewer leading up to the suprising, violent and symbolic ending of the film. The high angles and birds eye-view camera angles in the final scene along with the wide pans give the film realism and brings closure to the theme the film was trying to get across. As we see the final arial shot of the road and the burning bike we know and realize that the carefree ideology the 60s counterculture generation represented was gone. The only freedom, as Wyatt and the Kid show us, is through death. The cultural meaning, the ideological theme of Easy Rider was about freedom, reb...

Orange Resorts International Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Orange Resorts International - Case Study Example em in ORI has further reduced its operation in terms of maintaining appropriate data management functions along with Customer Relationship Management activities. Although the integration of new system may increase potential opportunity for ORI, the new system could also face major obstacles to perform the increased level of marketing along with sales and service functions of the organization. The existing limitations in the current system may create major constraint for ORI to perform its marketing, sales and service related activities, which impose major risks for ORI. In addition, the unsatisfactory facets along with inadequate attributes in the new system may also reduce the capability of ORI to make appropriate decisions or taking effective measures in accordance with the current trend in the tourism business industry. In order to deal with the current problem of managing information system in ORI, an effective planning and execution process of system development lifecycle should be duly recognized. An effective planning and implementation of the newly developed system development lifecycle would enable not only to improve business efficiency of ORI, but also to provide adequate opportunities to the organization in terms of obtaining its desired business goals and avert potential challenges. The newly developed system will significantly focus on managing, controlling and directing key operational activities of ORI and help it to advance in decision-making processes. In this regard, appropriate management and evaluation of data would be a major supportive attribute of the proposed system plan. The process of evaluating data management and controlling process in line with the current trend will substantially improve the decision making process in ORI to accumulate growth even during the transitional economy. The system will be sponsored by system administrators of ORI with a strategic team, who will be accountable to report each function to the board of

Google PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Google - PowerPoint Presentation Example Google generates revenue primarily by delivering online advertising. The company primarily operates in the US. It is headquartered in Mountain View, California and employs 24,400 people. (Datamonitor 2011) Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis Political issues Different policies of countries concerning the freedom of communication and information There are different policies given the different political regimes worldwide. Even in liberal countries, the threat of terrorism and international fraud have created regulations that tend to require web service providers to monitor and identify high risk content in their throughput. Social advocacy groups also urge censorship of pornographic and similar material over the web. Censorship issues in countries with centralized political systems Countries such as China and other politically restrictive countries impose censorship controls which tends to discourage parties from engaging in internet exchange, even for non-political purposes. Economic issues Internet ad spending increasing, with affordable costs providing advantages to small firms Even small business are benefitted by the far reach of internet advertising. Compared to print, broadcast and other advertising, internet advertising is relatively cheap, and results are strong Growing viability of e-commerce among markets With the advent of reliable and secure e-payment services such as paypal, e-commerce is becoming more acceptable to most business and customers, and provides greater viability to Google. Increasing recourse to online transactions More companies are establishing e-stores over regionwide operations from which shoppers may make orders or transact sales. Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis Social issues In some parts of the world, cultural and language barriers create preferences for local info providers Growing connectedness due to social networking opens doors to more people of all walks of life Technological issues New technology ena bles tracking and targetting of individual customers, improving customer relations R&D provides more powerful, less costly alternatives Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis Legal issues Infringements of intellectual property rights Concern for firm’s liability in providing access for internet fraud, terrorism, and other unlawful uses Privacy concerns in relation to content material Environmental issues Greenhouse gas emission has been associated with the electrical power, including the carbon footprint of digital information devices Sustainable disposal of such devices still a problem Industry Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Model Internal Rivalry High due to continuing impetus for innovation Strongest players are Yahoo, Google, AOL and MSN of Microsoft Threat from Substitutes High since substitutes include social networks, vertical search engines and dedicated e-commerce websites, standalone websites, and other forms of advertising since companies advertise in m ultiple media. Industry Analysis Threat from New Entrants Low due to slowing growth and consolidation among present players Low due to strong brand loyalties among present players Bargaining Power of Suppliers Low due to high number of information sources, blog

Writer's choice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Writer's choice - Assignment Example organize their business finances in one central place and still access them from any location using the internet because all their accounting data is automatically backed up. QuickBooks also gives small businesses the opportunity to save a lot of time that would have otherwise been used on dealing with figures, customer details, invoices, and reports. This is because QuickBooks is simpler, faster, and more accurate than spreadsheets or papers since accounting becomes automated and calculations are done by the software. This makes it less likely to make mistakes that would have otherwise been many if using paper or spreadsheets (INTUIT 1). QuickBooks ensures that all accounting details such as customer details, supplier details, and other financials are accessible in one place, can be accessed online, are searchable, and well organized. Small businesses that use QuickBooks do not have to worry about everyday accounting tasks because the software automatically takes care of them. For example, reports, invoices, and quotes can be automatically generated by the software, giving small business owners the chance to have an overview of their financial status just at a glance. Also, sales and expenses can easily be tracked using QuickBooks by simply entering the details of these transactions as they happen (INTUIT

Grey Marketing And Parallel Imports Economics Essay

Grey Marketing And Parallel Imports Economics Essay Parallel trade or Grey market is a thriving business that is growing in most underdeveloped and developing countries today. This paper looks into the issues surrounding the grey market such as its impact on the people and the manufacturers along with the advantages and disadvantages of such a market thriving within a locality. Additionally the research also looks into the future prospects of parallel trade along with the primary reasons behind its existence. Introduction Grey marketing or parallel importing basically refers to the distribution or selling of products and goods which are trademarked to the customers without the express approval or knowledge of the original manufacturers consent through unauthorized distribution channels. These kind of markets are not classified as illegal markets as they products and goods are not physically stolen but are actually original pieces. The only issue is that the way the products are being sold is not actually approved of by the manufacturers. These goods and products can be termed to be illegal only if they violate either the product regulations or the licensing contract of the original manufacturer. The main reason for the existence of such a market is the price differential that exists in two different markets. For example, the higher resale potential of a product in a different market is what drives the existence of such a market. The price differential between two markets give an opportunity for the products to be bought in a place where it is relatively cheaper and sold at a considerably higher prices where the product is not available (Engardio et al., 1988). There are certain other factors which lead to gray marketing, such as: 1. When the genuine goods have set a performance, price channel, and market recognition that ensure demand and minimize consumer education. 2. A lack of focus by the authorized channel in the markets. A particular product may not be available in a market which forces the consumers to look for alternative ways to acquire the product. People who are involved in gray marketing may see the imbalance of supply and demand as an opportunity to make profits. 3. A significant change in the behavior of the consumers which may lead to an increased demand for lower priced products which may be accelerated by the governmental policies (Mathur, 1995). In an international context however, it tends to have a unexpected impact on the branding and brand equity. However, it does lead to a increase in the market share of the products and also aids in penetrating a closed market (Mitchell, 1998). This type of markets provides access to parallel trades wherein products that are protected by a patent or trademark are generally purchased legally from the retailer and which is then exported to another country without the authorization of the local manufacturer of the original product (Maskus, 2000b). Parallel imports mainly occur due to international price differences which could in turn be caused due to price discrimination, national differences in governmental price controls or vertical pricing restraints. One of the main areas in which parallel imports are heatedly debated is in the pharmaceutical sector. Parallel imports can be seen all over the world among the European Union countries the United States etc. Losses due to grey marketing Grey marketing and parallel imports also can be seen in the service sectors such as Telecom sectors, Health industry etc. In fact according to (Philip, 2005), the Indian telecom sector has incurred losses amounting to Rupees 458 crores since 1998. According to data compiled by the department, over 60 per cent of the revenue losses have been reported from Delhi and Maharashtra, with violations to the tune of Rs 290 crores. Grey market frauds of about Rs 60 crores had been registered in Andhra Pradesh, followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat at Rs 36 crores, Rs 35 crores and Rs 15 crores respectively. These six states also accounted for over 95 per cent of revenue losses through illegal telecom set-ups, the Dept of Telecom added. Parallel trade can be extensively seen in the cell phone market. It all started with the emergence os the GSM international standard in 1990 after which the phones could be used anywhere in the planet prompting an increase in the demand for cell phones in markets where cell phone manufacturers still had not ventured into which in turn increased the size of the parallel market. According to (Sugden, 2009), about 30% of the cell phones traded are sold through a grey market and this statistics continue to be on the rise. This is about 500,000 cell phones which are bought and sold through unofficial channels every single day. An example of this is in the case of Apple iphones. These were released in select markets only. However, due to their popularity, they were in huge demand in other countries, where the consumers had no choice but to either procure it from a grey market trader or wait for the company to officially launch their products in that country. Theory of Parallel imports Parallel imports affect a wide range of industries, spreading from traditional luxury and brand- name consumer products (wines, cameras, and watches) to industrial products. Industry sources estimate that parallel imports account for 10% of IBM ¿Ã‚ ½s PC sales, 20% of Sharp ¿Ã‚ ½s copier sales, and 20% to 30% of the world cosmetics and fragrances sales (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). Belgium, for example, despite the fact that it has no auto mobile industry is a major car exporter in Europe ¿Ã‚ ½more than 25,000 cars some years. This export success story is because cars are cheaper in Belgium than in nearby countries, due to tax differences (Weigand 1991). Another trend relating to parallel imports, is that this has evolved from basically a U.S. problem in the 1980 ¿Ã‚ ½s into a world -wide phenomenon in the 90 ¿Ã‚ ½s (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). When the U.S. dollar was strong, during the 1981-1986 period, the number of cars purchased in Europe by U.S. tourists grew 2,000%. In 1986 the total value of products distributed through unauthorized channels in the U.S. reached a peak of $10 billion (Palia and Keown, 1991). This direction was reversed in subsequent years as other parts of the world, especially Asia and Europe, experienced rapid appreciation in their currencies and a corresponding surge of parallel imports (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). A 1991 survey of U. S. exporters to Asia showed that 41% of 141 respondents reported having problems with parallel imports in the past five years (Palia and Keown 1991). In 1990 pharmaceutical parallel imports in the European Community stood at $500 million (Lynn 1991, quoted in Ahmadi and Yang, 1995 , p. 3). In an increasingly integrated world, the annual growth rate of parallel imports has been estimated to be 22%, and this is expected to rise as new trade agreements, like NAFTA and GATT, further lower trade barriers across nations. There are essentially two reasons why parallel imports occur in international markets. The parallel import or  ¿Ã‚ ½grey market ¿Ã‚ ½ exists because foreign manufacturers practice price discrimination among countries and grey market sellers arbitrage these price differences. Second, parallel importers are more efficient than authorized sellers because parallel imports compete with the goods of authorized sellers, in turn leading to lower prices that are beneficial to consumers. Those favoring parallel imports argue that international price discrimination restrict competition to the disadvantage of consumers in countries having higher prices. They say that parallel imports foster competition and efficiency, thus benefiting consumers in importing countries. Some researchers argue that, while it is clear that active parallel imports cannot exist without price differentials between countries, the source of these differentials is not quite so apparent (Weigand, 1991). Depending on the type of goods involved and the character of the market for the product, price differentials can be the result of a variety of factors, ranging from honest enterprise, such as a diverter who takes advantage of favorable foreign currency exchange rates and engages in a sort of product arbitrage, to a manufacturer who attempts to discriminate by price in different (usually foreign) markets. Therefore, in regard of the process of parallel imports, there is no end to the imaginative ways used to bring parallel imports to market. Four methods, however, represent the bulk of market imports and are focus of much of the economic and legal attention. First, are those products made overseas by for example American firms (see Figure 1). These foreign units may be subsidiaries, joint venture companies, or some other entity which have a commonality of interests with the American company. This foreign affiliate may sell to nearby authorized distributors, for example, a French firm. Somewhere in the authorized channel, however, distribution control is lost and the product gets into an unauthorized channel and some of it is exported back to the United States. Here it competes with identical domestically produced products. A second method (depicted by Figure 2) of parallel importing is when a foreign manufacturer (e.g. German) licenses a company to be the exclusive importer of a product bearing a foreign name or trademark. Impact of Parallel Trade There are a number of effects of all of this parallel importing activity. Here, the predicaments and opportunities created by these parallel distribution channels are discussed in more detail. First, consumers may be prejudiced against buying products which have been parallel imported because sometimes they cannot be properly serviced or maintained. They also may be worried that the so-called technical requirements for certain products may not met by grey importers. It needs to be made clear that parallel imports are not counterfeits but genuine products that are often sold at a lower price to consumers than these distributed by regular channels (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). However, these may not necessarily have a lower profit margin because they can free ride on the promotional efforts of authorized dealers. Consequently parallel imports may undermine authorized dealers ¿Ã‚ ½ selling efforts. For example, by discouraging their investment in a sales-force or shelf-space. Advantages and Disadvantages of parallel importing Parallel imports promote free trade, encourage healthy competition and act as price levelers. Non application of parallel importation may result in complete control in distribution channels thereby perpetuating monopolies (Ashwini, 2006). Hence application is vital to minimize monopolistic effect of the policies of the multinational enterprises who try to control distribution channels. The biggest beneficiaries of parallel imports are the ultimate consumers who have the advantage of buying genuine goods produced by another licensee, offered under an authentic mark at a much lower rate. However, parallel import often raises serious issues of unfair competition and piggy backing  ¿Ã‚ ½ which refers to the attempt by the parallel importer to encash the goodwill fostered by the owner to sell their grey products. Concerns of quality of the goods also arise when the gray goods have been manufactured for a different market comprising different tastes and demands. The raw materials used may also be from geographically different areas directly affecting the consumer health. Furthermore, the corresponding guarantees and after sales maintenance services attached with the goods may be different for the various regions. Future of Parallel Imports The trend towards the globalization of markets, which is being facilitated by the development of a global communication system, envisages the end to domestic territoriality because of global competition. Because of the speed of new technologies and communication developments, parallel importation may be a short-term phenomenon. The impacts of globalization on parallel importation are two folds. First, as trade barriers between nations decrease, it will become more difficult to implement price discrimination policies based on country boundaries. Implicitly, parallel traders are therefore likely to gradually disappear, as there will be fewer opportunities for arbitrage. The issue of parallel importation may therefore become less significant as globalization continues. Secondly, traditionally, under international law, nations have asserted sovereignty based upon the territory that they legally control. Advances in electronic communications, including the Internet, however, have begun to change this. This development suggests that, rather than sovereignty based on territory, sovereignty will be based on information flows or economic spheres of influence will become the norm in cyberspace. This hypothesized shift will however, require a re-evaluation of present legal doctrines, which in turn may  ¿Ã‚ ½re-establish parallel imports legality. ¿Ã‚ ½ Nevertheless, when the world economy becomes far more globally integrated, which is likely in a digitally based economy, it becomes necessary to harmonize the different transactional rules between nations. This means policy co-ordination among different governments will be a critical step in achieving this (Rothnie, 1993). Measures to combat parallel trade Grey markets are not looked down upon by many industries primarily because they are benefitted by the increase of exposure of their products in new economies. Therefore parallel trade is a sensitive issue and this issue is something that can be most effectively combated against by the company ¿Ã‚ ½s themselves. There are certain safeguards that an organization can take to track products final destinations, such as: 1. Volume Control: One way to control the grey market distribution is to keep an eye on the supply chain of a product and track its normal volumes on a monthly basis. Furthermore, this data should be cross checked with the import and export records which are kept by the countries trade organizations (Palia, 1991). 2. Auditing: Proper auditing would ensure that a company can identify whether or not its products are being diverted from one country to another. 3. Different Packaging: This technique is already being used by some manufacturers. Utilizing this technique may lead to an increase in the overhead costs of manufacturing the product but the ability to segregate the markets through a differentiated product or with a variable packaging is a viable answer to prevent diversion and grey market with its own products. 4. RFID: Using radio frequency identification a risk tracking system can be adopted which would be inexpensive and such a system would be able to flag a product by its code if it is diverted. 5. Government legislations: Governments can strengthen up their trademark and copyright acts which aids in preventing the flow of products which are trademarked. Stricter laws have to be formalized and these laws also have to be properly enforced to ensure that grey market activity is curtailed if not stopped completely (Lewin, 1986). Conclusions Grey market is a thriving world from all the evidence presented so far. With globalization and advancement in the technology and reduction in trade barriers, parallel import market has steadily been growing especially in the developing countries where demand far outpaces supply. So far this has been a small sized market however it has grown significantly, in the past decade or so, due to decrease in the transaction costs around the world, penetration of internet leading to cross border commerce and products harmonization. There are clear advantages to the end customers due to the presence of parallel imports primarily due to the fact that it opens up the avenue for them to a large international market. Therefore the people are not complaining about the presence of such a market in their midst. However, the main entities who are hurt due to the presence of such a market are the government and manufacturers both of them losing a large amount in revenues that is actually supposed to go to them from taxes and profit margins respectively. Therefore the impact on the consumers is negligible except in cases when there vis a fault with the product and the customer cannot have it checked or replaced since he/she bought it out of warranty. Overall, it seems to be benefiting people more than harming them. Furthermore, I believe that the global grey market scenario will reduce in its size by itself primarily due to increasing globalization. With the spread of internet and the presence of global marketing company ¿Ã‚ ½s are making products that can be used anywhere in the world. Therefore the risk of inadvertently buying a product that would not be functional in a particular geographical place in decreasing day by day. Moreover, with couriers like DHL and UPS, it has become a fairly routine habit to purchase products or source them from another country. Therefore, its impact will slowly be eroded because trade barriers will become non existent and people are gaining more knowledge day by day and therefore are becoming self aware of all the possibilities. Besides this even organizations tend to keep quiet about their products being sold at places not designated by them as it increases their exposure in new markets. Recommendations The organizations can take a few steps if they want to prevent such grey markets by:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring that the current regulations are being adhered to strictly throughout the supply chain.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Establishing a tamper proof packaging solution which would be hard to duplicate and which would be easily identifiable to a consumer indicating its legal status. The governments can take the following steps to safeguard against thriving of such a market:  ¿Ã‚ ½ The government must formally consult with all stakeholders, i.e. manufacturers, in order to get their opinion on the impact of such a market on them.  ¿Ã‚ ½ They must encourage and motivate its citizens against purchasing products through this market. The harmful effects of such a decision should be spread about in the community especially in the case of grey market related to pharmaceuticals. Parallel traders must also:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Cooperate in putting an end to the practice of de-boxing, and move instead to  ¿Ã‚ ½over-box ¿Ã‚ ½ the un-tampered product to ensure integrity of the medicine.

The 1893 World’s Fair Essay examples -- Arts Worlds Fair Essays

The 1893 World’s Fair A World’s Fair is an â€Å"[I]nternational exposition that features exhibits dealing with commerce, industry, and science.† (World Book Encyclopedia 412) Entertainment is also present along with cultural activities. In 1893, the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, although inaugurated a year late, commemorated the discovery of America. I feel that the Exposition displayed some of the more beautiful architecture of its time; its immense buildings and sculptures drew heavily from Greek and other classical styles, and it could possible be because of the sweeping popularity in Beaux Arts architecture. The Peristyle, one of the buildings that was constructed for the Fair, was designed by Charles B. Atwood. It was an ‘arcade of columns originally proposed by Augustus Saint Gaudens, the consultant on sculpture.† (Burg 79) The Perisytle was a beautiful building that followed in the traditional Greek pathway. It â€Å"was a series of forty-eight Corinthian columns, one for each of the American States and Territories, with an immense triumphal arch at the center. J The Peristyle itself was 500’ high, its top being a broad promenade populated by 85 allegorical figures in heroic scale.† (Burg 119) The Greeks used Peristyles in their architecture. A Peristyle was placed around the Greek Parthenon. Corinthian columns were created in the Hellenic era, but they had to wait until the Hellenistic era to reach their full development. J â€Å"They are distinguished by their ornate capitals with double rows of acanthus leaves and fernlike fonds rising from each corner and terminating in miniature volutes.† (Fleming 32) The largest structure at the fair was the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. It housed many... ...ssive of the greatest eras of human history.† (Burg 175) It’s a shame that after all the work, and all of the visitors, and all the critics’ reviews, in the end the buildings have to be torn down! Bibliography No author cited. â€Å"World’s Fair.† World Book Encyclopedia. 1896 ed. Hunt, William Dudley Jr. â€Å"Beaux Arts, Ecole Des.† Hunt Encyclopedia of American Architecture, 1980 ed. Books Burg, David F. Chicago’s White City of 1893. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1976. No author cited. The Columbian World’s Fair Atlas. Ohio: W.F. Towns 1891. Fleming, William. Arts and Ideas. 8th ed. Florida: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Incorporated, 1991. No author cited. The American Heritage Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. Newspaper No author cited. â€Å"A City of White Elephants.† New York Times 18 Sept. 1893, natl.ed.,8.

Initial Public Offer

Initial public offer (IPO) as the name suggests refers to when a company goes public or issue shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital for the first time. After the IPO, the company gets listed and its shares are traded on stock exchange. Once it gets listed then the permission to trade these shares is granted by shareholders i. e. to whom the shares have been allotted in the IPO. There can be many reasons for bringing out an IPO. First, when the company issues new shares to the public, then the money raised from public goes to the company. Second, when the Govt. Sell their stake in the company to the public, then the money raised goes to the Govt. (like the disinvestment of PSUs). However, one must be wondering why would individuals invest in a particular company? The answer is dividends. The shareholders expect the company will distribute the share of future profits among them as dividends. How an IPO is conducted IPOs generally involve book runners i. e. one or more investment banks known as underwriters. The underwriters retain a portion of the proceeds as their fee. This fee is called an underwriting spread. Various methods of conducting an IPO are Dutch auction, Firm Commitment, Best Efforts, Bought Deal and Self Distribution of stock. IPOs can be made through the Fixed Price Method or Book Building Method. In the fixed price method, the price at which the securities are offered is fixed in advance. In the book building method, the investors have to bid for shares within a price band specified by the issuer and the final price is decided after observing the result of the bidding. The fixing of the band and the bidding process are done with the help of an investment bank or a group of several companies specializing in securities. While most of the companies are eligible to make a public issue are free to decide the price band but infrastructure companies are subject to follow SEBI norms as well as banks are required to get RBI’s permission. The prices are decided by the company's board of directors, which fixes the band after consulting the book runner (particularly an investment bank). In India, the issuer is allowed a price band of 20% (that is the cap of band should not be more than 20% above the floor price i. e. the lowest price that a seller will accept). After deciding the band, bids are invited on all prices of the band. Once the book is closed, the seller fixes the price at which all of its shares will get sold. However, there can be a situation of Oversubscription of an IPO (i. e. if applications are received for more number of shares than the company is authorised to allot). In that case, the allocations would be done proportionately among all the successful bidders i. e. among those bidders who did bidding at the price determined by the company or at the price higher than that. After the price has been determined on the basis of bidding, the public advertisement containing the rice as well as table showing the number of securities and the amount payable by an investor is issued. Various Investors Involved ? ? ? Retail Investors Non-Institutional Investors Qualified Institutional Buyers If a company is making an issue through 100 % book building process then1) Minimum 35% shall be offered to Retail Investors 2) Minimum 15% shall be offered to Non-Institutional Investors 3) Maximum 50% shall be off ered to Qualified Institutional Buyers. There can also be FPO (Follow on public offer) when company’s offer to the public is not for the first time. There are certain advantages attached with going public. Capital can be used to pay off existing debt or to fund capital expenditure. Moreover, another advantage is an increased public awareness of a particular company as IPOs helps in attracting new potential customers which may ultimately leads to increase in the market share of a company. Before deciding whether to go public or not, a company must evaluate all the potential benefits or challenges that will arise. The book runners involved in the process (i. e. investment banks) are given the responsibility to find out the pros and cons of an IPO and determine whether it is favourable or not for the company.

Satire in Le Misanthrope Essays

Satire in Le Misanthrope Essays Satire in Le Misanthrope Paper Satire in Le Misanthrope Paper The use of satire in The Misanthrope Satire is primarily a literary genre or form, although in practice it can also be found in the graphic and performing arts, such as plays. In satire; vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, with the intent of shaming individuals and society itself. Moliere, an actor-manager-director-playwright all in one, knows and loves his stage as few have done, and writes with the use of literary satire. This research paper will express Moliere’s use of satire in his most profoundly written play, The Misanthrope. In a time in which power is one of the rarest virtues, Moliere draws on the widest imaginable range, from the subtlest irony to the broadest slapstick, in order to reach the accomplishments of keeping an audience amused for five whole acts. Moliere usually works under extraordinary pressures, even during personally difficult times. Often, he will interpret his own thoughts and opinions into his works’ by using different varieties of satire. The Misanthrope was written during a personal crisis and is certainly coloured by Moliere’s own domestic difficulties. There is no doubt that personal suffering helped to give Moliere the astonishing insight into the human heart which he displays in The Misanthrope and which contributes to its richness and maturity. (Turnell) Turnell is noting that Moliere uses his own experiences to resemble the acts that are shown throughout this play. His voice is heard not only through the words the actors’ speak, but by the emotion you can feel. Moliere represents his own personal views and feelings on society by using ridicule and satire throughout this tragic comedy. Examine The Misanthrope carefully and ask yourself whether a poet has ever represented his inner spirit more completely or more admirably. We can well call the content and treatment of this play â€Å"tragic. † Such an impression at least it has always left with us, because that mood is brought before our minds eye which often in itself brings us to despair, and seems as if it would make the world unbearable. Here is represented the type of man who despite great cultivation has yet remained natural, and who with himself, as well as others, would like only too well to express himself with complete truth and sincerity. But we see him in conflict with the social world, where one cannot mine without dissimulation and shallowness. (Von 212) Goethe Von states that Moliere does try to express himself by being truthful and sincere, but he appears to have conflict in doing so. Moliere seems to want to express his emotion and opinion in honest ways, but often becomes too honest. â€Å"Moliere’s play asks a question that is no easier to answer today than it was then: When one is asked to be completely honest, is it better to be painfully and perhaps hurtfully truthful, or should one prevaricate a little to save the feelings of a friend† (Kellerman 48). In Moliere’s attempt to being honest, he comes off more hurtful. By doing so, he uses ridicule and satire in his play to demonstrate his views on society. Moliere also uses different genres of language and literature throughout his many works’. â€Å"In Le Misanthrope, Moliere looks into the subject of language, exploring how it may be used or abused as a means to communicate or conceal reality, to do battle in the realm of human interaction or to make social intercourse endurable† (Regosin 265-271). Moliere uses language and communication from one character to another in a form of â€Å"battle† in order to get his personal view of society played out on the stage (Regosin 265-271). Satire is used by Moliere as the characters’ in The Misanthrope are interrogating, humiliating, and ridiculing one another with different forms of language and also different types of emotion. â€Å"A number of recent critics have sensed in Le Misanthrope a violence of emotion in the relationship among the characters akin to that of real combat and have described the action by using metaphors of battle† (Regosin 265-271). Moliere generally explains his opinion of society by comparing the actions of the people around him to the actions of people in battle. Again and again Moliere infuses intense life into his characters’ by shaming one another through the eyes of society. Moliere never fails when attempting to reach out and explain to his audience the irony and ridicule that stains the heart of society day in and day out. It is as if Moliere sees a social game being played, and even cheated, throughout the places he lives in. He makes it his ultimate goal for his audience to view society in the unique and sometimes shallow way that he does. The Misanthrope, a masterpiece among Moliere’s comedies of manners, holds a universal appeal in its ridicule of social games of propriety and power-mongering in the context of a setting that is unique to the fashion, society, and politics of the Louis XIV era† (Brent). Moliere shows his inventiveness in extraordinary ways and extremely high level s. His play is a comedy that represents social satire, ridiculing the conventions of the society in which he lives in and observes. He expresses that humankind is full of hypocritical and ironic actions and views, which is how he creates this play to become a social tragedy. A close examination of Le Misanthrope reveals Moliere’s initial ambition of wanting to be an actor and writer of tragedies. His protagonist, Alceste, could plausibly be portrayed as comic or tragic, and is ultimately an imponderable figure. Alceste’s disdain of insincerity in public life is compelling and undeniable; his suffering is authentic; and, at the end, he appears destined to a loveless and self-imposed isolation. At the same time, his self-awareness is deficient, his egotistical demands are not noble, and his speech and behavior contain more contradictions than one would expect from a man who proclaims to have everything figured out. Alceste responds differently to the same social hypocrisy that Dom Juan exuberantly uses to validate and advance his own misbehavior, preparing exile to the insults of society contaminated by insincerity. (Bloom 67) Bloom is noting that Moliere claims to have everything figured out, but his actions on the stage state differently. Moliere seems to have certain contradictions about his own personal views on society, meaning things are not exactly matching up. Moliere uses different words and ideas to extract his feelings and viewpoints on society. With using satire throughout his writing, he has his characters’ ridicule and humiliate one another in social settings. His role in the play is Alceste, the misanthrope, a man who is in love with a woman, Celimene, who claims to have love for not only him, but every other man that walks her path. She is full of unusual wit and intuition when delivering mocking words that ridicule the men that are not present, and delight the ones who are. Moliere not only uses satire when it comes to Celimene, but Alceste as well. Once Alceste discovers her hypocrisy, he humiliates her in front of all her suitors. The humiliation and ridicule continues against Celimene and Alceste throughout the play. Not only did Alceste humiliate Celimene, but his close and personal friend Philinte as well. Alceste rejects Philinte when he finds him being flattered by Celimene. Moliere uses satire when Alceste ridicules Philinte in front of all society. Philinte continues to remain loyal to his friend and attempts to rescue him from the miserable isolation that Alceste is headed for. Moliere also uses satire when Alceste becomes frantic with jealousy and abandons sincerity just to plead with his lover to pretend to love him as well as he will pretend to believe her. His irony is turned on society as well as on Alceste, and the play ends, as we shall see, not with the restoration of order, but with something that is very like a mark or interrogation† (Turnell 398-426). Celimene finally admits to her wrongdoings at the end of the play by writing all of her suitors a letter of apology. One would normally assume a happy ending to this story, but that is not the case. Celimene calls out to Alceste saying she does not love him, and that he does not love her. When Celimene makes this statement, it interrogates Alceste. In conclusion, this play is hypothetically about the different lifestyles of people who have different views on society. Because the characters’ have different points of view on the matter, there is often some sort of debate. As Knutson states: At the very beginning of the play, by an adroit manipulation of visual signs, Moliere plunges us straightaway into the unsettling ambiguities of his greatest masterpiece. The world view conveyed by the play as a whole comes remarkably close to the cynical urbanity of the Restoration. Neither Philinte nor Celimene, nor Alceste for that matter, has any illusions about mankind. They all see society as a jungle of conflicting egos where one’s own self-interest must reign supreme. The debate revolves around the stance to take before this state of affairs. (Knutson 115-17) Moliere uses satire to describe the personalities and intake of each character. Alceste, Philinte, and Celimene have a different opinion on society. Each character wants their opinion to be above everyone else’s. In doing so, this causes conflict between each character and gives Moliere the unique opportunity to have an intense use of satire throughout this play. What must have made this play highly comic for the seventeenth-century spectators, an aspect probably lost on audiences today, is the way it parodies that period’s conventions of tragic plots and language. This parody corresponds to ancient Greek notions of theater, which staged a â€Å"satyr† play after a series of three tragedies. The satyr play took the same material as the tragic ones but reversed it and played it as comedy. In Le Misanthrope, Moliere is standing Racine and tragic discourse on their heads. (Melzer 143-44) Melzer is noting that Moliere is definitely getting the job done correctly for the seventeenth-century time period. Spectators can see certain effects by experiencing sentiments and desires from Alceste, but at the same time they can laugh about it while thinking those sentiments and desires are only his. Moliere can take serious issues out of society and form them into a playwright. Moliere masks his characters’ from his own general perspective, and the viewer must note that and keep that in mind while attending his plays. Moliere wrote The Misanthrope to become a basic form of satire in itself. From each character ridiculing and humiliating and even shaming one another through the eyes of the public, Moliere forms the shape of this tragedy with satire. As a reflection on both theatrical and social exchange, Le Misanthrope offers a complex, and at times perplexing, mechanism of depiction and recognition. The duel between Celimene and Arsinoe in the third act provides an illustration. As a satire of salon conversations, Celimene’s portrait of the prude Arsinoe presents the following configuration: one character, representing the malicious wit social type, depicts another character, representing the prude social type. In terms of recognition, the scene offers the spectacle of one other character seeing herself in the portrait sketched by the other. However, the moral value and mimetic fidelity of the portrait are placed in great doubt, due to the compromising situation of its enunciation, motivated as it is with irony. The scene thus exposes the underbelly of the social art of description and judgment. (Norman 155-56) Not only is satire full of ridicule and humiliation, but it is also full of description and judgment. Moliere has one character ridicule and judge the description of another character. By doing that, Moliere instills satire into his work. Moliere’s profoundly written play, The Misanthrope is full of satire through actions, words, thoughts, and views. Moliere inflicted his personal and political view on society through his works’. He often comes off too honest at times, without noticing. He writes scenes regarding the moral effects of satiric comedy, and he does it well. â€Å"The moral uncertainty resulting from the shifting voices of satire is, I believe, the hallmark of Le Misanthrope, the secret of its continual ability to escape fixed interpretations† (Norman 155-56). As Norman stated, satire is the â€Å"hallmark† of Le Misanthrope (Norman 155-56). In his play, The Misanthrope, Moliere uses satire to ridicule, humiliate, and shame individuals and society itself. Turnell, Martin. â€Å"Le Misanthrope. † The Proper Study: Essays on Western Classics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1962. 398-426. Rpt. In Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 Ed. Thomas J. Schuenberg and Lawerence J. Trudeau. Vol. 127. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 September. 2011. Critical Essay. Von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. â€Å"Moliere’s ‘Misanthrope. ’† Trans. Randolph S. Bourne. Goethe’s Literary Essays: A Selection in English. Ed. J. E. Springarn. Harcourt Brace Jovanavich, 1921. 212 Rpt. In Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. James E. Person, Jr. Vol. 10. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 October. 2011. Journal Article. Kellerman, Carol. â€Å"Moliere. The Misanthrope. † Kliatt May 2008: p. 48. Web. 22 October. 2011. Journal Article. Regosin, Richard L. â€Å"Ambiguity and Truth in Le Misanthrope. † Romantic Review 60. 4 (December 1969): 265-271. Rpt. In Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. Thomas J. Schoenberg and Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 127. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 October. 2011. Journal Article. Regosin, Richard L. â€Å"Ambiguity and Truth in Le Misanthrope. Romantic Review 60. 4 (December 1969): 265-271. Rpt. In Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. Thomas J. Schoenberg and Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 127. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 October. 2011. Journal Article. Regosin, Richard L. â€Å"Ambiguity and Truth in Le Misanthrope. † Romantic Review 60. 4 (December 1969): 265-271. Rpt. In Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. Thomas J. Schoenberg and Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 127. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 October. 2011. Journal Article. Brent, Liz. Critical Essay on â€Å"The Misanthrope. † Drama for Students. Ed. Elizabeth Thomason. Vol. 13. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 October. 2011. Journal Article. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Bloom’s Major Dramatists: Moliere. Broomall, PA. Chelsea House Publishers, 2003. Print. Turnell, Martin. â€Å"Le Misanthrope. † The proper study: Essays on Western Classics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Criticism from 1400 to 1800 Ed. Thomas J. Schuenberg and Lawerence J. Trudeau. Vol. 127. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 September. 2011. Critical Essay. Knutson, Harold C. The Triumph of Wit: Moliere and Restoration Comedy (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1988): pp. 115-17. Print. Melzer, Sarah E. â€Å"Performing Moliere: Le Misanthrope- Tragedy or Comedy? † Approaches to Teaching Moliere’s Tartuffe† and Other Plays. (New York: The Modern Language Association or America, 1995) pp. 143-44. Print. Norman, Larry F. The Public Mirror: Moliere and the Social Commerce of Depiction. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999): pp- 155-56. Print. Norman, Larry F. The Public Mirror: Moliere and the Social Commerce of Depiction. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999): pp- 155-56. Print.

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